Lesson 1
Present Perfect
Link the past to now: have/has + past participle. Used with ever, never, already, yet, just.
I have lived here for five years. · Have you ever eaten sushi?
She has already finished. · They haven't arrived yet.
Tip: For + period (for 3 years), since + point in time (since 2020).
Lesson 2
Past Simple vs Present Perfect
Finished time = Past Simple. Unfinished time or relevant past = Present Perfect.
I saw that film yesterday. (finished time)
I have seen that film. (I know it — result now)
Tip: If a specific time is mentioned (yesterday, last week, in 2019), use Past Simple.
Lesson 3
First & second conditionals
First conditional = real possible future. Second conditional = imaginary/unreal present.
1st: If it rains, I will stay home. · If you study, you'll pass.
2nd: If I had a car, I would drive to work.
Tip: In the 2nd conditional we use "were" with all subjects in formal style: If I were you…
Lesson 4
Passive voice
Focus on the action or the receiver, not who did it: be + past participle.
Active: People speak English everywhere. · Passive: English is spoken everywhere.
The bridge was built in 1990. (by workers)
Tip: Use the passive when the doer is unknown or unimportant: My bike was stolen.
Lesson 5
Modal verbs
must, have to, should, can, could, may, might — ability, obligation, advice and possibility.
You must wear a seatbelt. · You should see a doctor. · It might rain.
Can I open the window? · Could you help me?
Tip: Modals are followed by the base form — no "to": "I must go", NOT "I must to go".
Lesson 6
Gerunds & infinitives
Some verbs are followed by -ing, others by to + base form.
-ing: enjoy, mind, finish, avoid, suggest. · I enjoy cooking.
to + base: want, decide, hope, plan, learn. · I hope to see you soon.
Tip: After prepositions use -ing: I'm good at swimming. After adjectives: It's easy to learn.