Lesson 1
Third conditional
Impossible past: if + past perfect, would have + past participle. Use it for regrets.
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. (but I didn't)
If you had called me, I would have helped you.
Tip: In speech we contract: I'd have / I would've.
Lesson 2
Reported speech
Report what someone said. Verbs usually "move back" one tense.
Direct: "I am tired." → She said she was tired.
"I will come" → He said he would come. · "I have finished" → She said she had finished.
Tip: If the reporting verb is present ("He says…"), the tense does not change.
Lesson 3
Relative clauses
Add information about a noun: who (people), which (things), whose (possession), where (places).
The woman who lives next door is a doctor. · The book which I bought was cheap.
Defining (no commas, essential): people who smoke. Non-defining (commas, extra info): My brother, who lives in Paris, is an artist.
Tip: In defining clauses you can drop "who/which" when followed by a subject: the book (which) I bought — but not before a verb.
Lesson 4
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
By a time in the future: will have + participle (completed), will be + -ing (in progress).
By 2030, I will have graduated. · This time tomorrow, I will be flying to Tokyo.
Fut. perf. will have finished / Fut. cont. will be working
Tip: "By + time" is a signal for Future Perfect: by Friday, by then, by the end of.
Lesson 5
Mixed conditionals
Combine unreal past and present: past condition + present result.
If I had taken that job, I would be rich now. (past condition → present result)
Past + present: If she hadn't missed the bus, she wouldn't be late now.
Tip: Mixing happens when the condition is about the past but the result is about now.
Lesson 6
Phrasal verbs
Verb + particle change the meaning completely. Essential for natural English.
give up (stop trying), look after (take care of), turn down (refuse), find out (discover)
Separable with objects: turn the offer down / turn it down. Inseparable: look after the cat.
Tip: Pronouns always go in the middle of separable phrasal verbs: put it on, not "put on it".